Grain finds in Yunnan  may shed light on a Bronze Age civilisation

Updated: 2013-01-29 17:45
Source:South China Morning Post Zhao led an expedition in November 2010 down this ancient route, starting in eastern Gansu, skirting the Sichuan Basin and ending in Chuxiong city in Yunnan, about 300 kilometres from Haimenkou. His team found resemblant pottery, bronze and millet grain that suggested a common origin in the northwest. Still, Zhao noted that they found no wheat samples. "So while it is very likely that some people brought the Qijia craft down to Yunnan, we need more evidence to figure out exactly where wheat came from," he said.

As to what drove the migration, Zhao theorises it was due to population pressure. "Early human colonies expanded as their population grew," he said. "In fact, the settlers of today's northwest China attempted to explore every way they could. When their eastbound march was thwarted by the early Central Plain dwellers, they simply found their way to the sparsely populated southern territory [because it was] easier and less hostile."

Whoever brought wheat into Yunnan settled down and interacted with the local rice growers, the Peking University study suggested. The new findings also show that wheat eventually replaced rice as the dominant crop of the region in the Bronze Age.

Min Rui, of the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Kunming, who led the most recent excavation of Haimenkou in 2008, says wheat farming could have spread either through wars or intermarriage among tribes.

Min also said more evidence, particularly DNA proof, was needed to establish whether newcomers conquered the region and drove out indigenous people, or if a new ethnic group emerged.

But according to Min, one thing is certain: the diverse geography of northwestern Yunnan, with soaring mountains and deep valleys, means many colonies must have settled there, perhaps speaking distinct languages but still interacting with each other.

The Peking University study is part of a broader, ongoing collaboration with archaeologists in Yunnan to learn more about ancient humans in the region, which is apparently the halfway point on Neolithic- and Bronze-Age communication routes within and beyond China.

"When you think about it, Yunnan was at the crossroads of the inter-regional communication. Whoever travelled to [present-day] Vietnam or Myanmar must have passed through there, as did the ancient travellers to Tibet," Jin said. "Yunnan is promising in terms of providing more insights into the early inhabitants of the region and how they helped spread technology like agriculture and bronze-making further to the south and west," she said.

Haimenkou may hold the key to further understanding the spread of crops, said Zhao Zhijun, including the answer to the puzzle of which ethnic group introduced millet to Southeast Asia.

"Now that we have evidence of wheat and millet in Bronze Age Yunnan, we really have more questions to answer like where they came from and where they went," he said.

This intercontinental pattern also applies to wheat. Although wheat was grown in northwest China about 1,000 years before its emergence in Haimenkou, Min said one theory was that the crop was brought to Yunnan from India.

Scientists are currently trying to unlock the secrets of these seemingly ordinary grains.

"The plant was, and still is, everywhere in our life," said Zhao Zhijun. "We eat it, wear it, make furniture with it, and use it in so many other ways. If archaeology is about reconstructing the way of life of an early community - what they ate, what they wore, what gods they worshipped and what they did with their leisure time - then I can't think of a single archaeological question that archaeobotany cannot help to answer."

Jiang Zhilong, a researcher on ancient Yunnan civilisation at the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, said: "The Dian people created one of the four distinct Bronze Age civilisations in the world, along with the ancient Greeks and Romans, the Central Plain Chinese and the Eurasian steppe societies."

It was a war-like society. Bronze sculptures attributed to the Dian people depict them fighting, hunting, herding horses and cattle and growing crops, forging a prosperous civilisation, many parts of which are still shrouded in the unknown, Jiang said.

"This is a society almost as mysterious as the Mayans," he said. "We have just started to understand it and many questions are still waiting to be answered."